Table of Contents
Charts That Show Why Our Food Is Not Ready for the Climate Crisis
Introduction: The Fragile Foundation of Our Global Food System
The global food system represents one of humanity’s most remarkable achievements. Over the past century, we have developed an intricate network of production, processing, distribution, and consumption that feeds billions of people daily. This system has enabled unprecedented population growth and contributed to lifting millions out of poverty. Yet beneath this apparent success lies a fragile foundation, increasingly vulnerable to the destabilizing forces of climate change.
As temperatures rise, weather patterns become more erratic, and extreme events grow in frequency and intensity, our food system faces unprecedented challenges. The very systems that enabled the Green Revolution and decades of relative food abundance are now showing signs of strain under climate pressure. From failing crops in drought-stricken regions to disrupted supply chains during extreme weather events, the warning signs are mounting.
This article examines five critical data visualizations that reveal the profound vulnerabilities in our global food system. These charts tell a sobering story about our preparedness for the climate crisis and highlight the urgent need for transformational change. They illustrate not just the challenges we face but also the narrow window of opportunity we have to build a more resilient, sustainable, and equitable food future.
The data presented here draws from leading climate research institutions, agricultural monitoring systems, and food security analyses from around the world. Together, they paint a comprehensive picture of why our current food system is fundamentally unprepared for the climate disruptions already underway and those projected to intensify in the coming decades.
Understanding these vulnerabilities is the first step toward addressing them. As we explore each chart, we’ll examine not just the problems but also potential pathways forward, highlighting innovations, policies, and practices that could help transform our food system from a climate liability into a climate solution.
Chart 1: Projected Crop Yield Declines Under Different Warming Scenarios
The first chart that reveals our food system’s vulnerability to climate change shows projected global crop yield declines under different warming scenarios. This visualization, based on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and agricultural research institutions worldwide, presents a stark picture of how rising temperatures threaten agricultural productivity.
The chart displays five major staple crops—wheat, rice, maize, soybeans, and potatoes—across three warming scenarios: 1.5°C, 2°C, and 3°C above pre-industrial levels. For each crop, the chart shows projected yield changes by 2050 and 2100, with different colored bars representing different climate models’ projections.
The most striking aspect of this visualization is the consistency of negative impacts across virtually all crops and scenarios. Even under the optimistic 1.5°C warming scenario—the most ambitious target of the Paris Agreement—global yields of major staples are projected to decline by 3-7% by 2050. Under a 2°C scenario, these declines increase to 7-15%, and at 3°C, they reach devastating levels of 15-30% for some crops.
Wheat shows particular vulnerability, with projections indicating potential yield losses of up to 25% by 2100 under a 3°C scenario. This is especially concerning given that wheat provides approximately 20% of global calories and protein. Similarly, maize—a critical staple in Africa, Latin America, and increasingly in Asia for animal feed—faces potential yield reductions of 20-30% under higher warming scenarios.
The regional breakdown within this chart reveals even more troubling patterns. Tropical regions, where food insecurity is often already highest, show the greatest vulnerability to yield declines. Many African nations could face 20-40% reductions in maize yields under 2°C warming, severely threatening food security for millions. Similarly, rice-growing regions in South and Southeast Asia face substantial challenges, with potential yield losses of 10-25% even under moderate warming.
This visualization also illustrates the concept of “tipping points” in agricultural systems. Beyond certain temperature thresholds, crops experience increasingly steep yield declines due to factors like heat stress during critical flowering periods, reduced water availability, and increased pressure from pests and diseases. The chart shows how these tipping points vary by crop but generally occur between 1.5-2.5°C of warming for most major staples.
The methodology behind these projections combines process-based crop models with statistical analyses of historical yield-weather relationships. Researchers have validated these models against decades of agricultural data, increasing confidence in their projections. However, it’s important to note that these models generally don’t fully account for potential technological adaptations, which could partially offset some climate impacts.
The implications of these yield projections are profound. Even moderate yield declines, when combined with population growth projected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050, could create significant food security challenges. The chart essentially shows that maintaining current per-capita food availability would require substantial production increases to offset climate-related losses—a difficult proposition given the environmental constraints on agricultural expansion.
This visualization also highlights the importance of emission reduction pathways. The difference between 1.5°C and 2°C warming scenarios represents millions of tons of food production and potentially millions of people facing food insecurity. Yet current national commitments put the world on track for approximately 2.7°C of warming, suggesting that the more severe impacts depicted in the chart are increasingly likely without accelerated climate action.
Several regions illustrate these challenges particularly well. The Indo-Gangetic Plain, which feeds hundreds of millions across South Asia, faces potential wheat yield losses of 20-30% under 2°C warming due to heat stress during the critical grain-filling period. Similarly, the maize belt in the United States, which produces roughly 40% of the world’s maize, faces increasing risks from water stress and extreme heat during pollination.
The chart also reveals concerning interactions between climate impacts. For instance, regions experiencing yield declines often simultaneously face increasing water stress, compounding the challenges. These interconnected vulnerabilities highlight the systemic nature of climate risks to agriculture and the need for comprehensive adaptation strategies.
Perhaps most troublingly, this visualization represents only the direct impacts of temperature changes on crop physiology. It doesn’t fully account for other climate-related factors like changing precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme events, sea-level rise affecting coastal agricultural areas, or shifting pest and disease pressures. When these additional factors are considered, the overall vulnerability of our food system appears even greater.
The evidence presented in this chart underscores the urgency of both climate mitigation and adaptation. On the mitigation side, every fraction of a degree of warming avoided translates to preserved agricultural productivity and reduced food security risks. On the adaptation side, the projections highlight the need for accelerated development and deployment of climate-resilient crop varieties, farming practices, and food system reforms.
Chart 2: Water Stress in Global Agricultural Regions
The second critical chart reveals the escalating water stress facing agricultural regions worldwide, presenting a comprehensive analysis of water availability versus agricultural demand across major farming areas. This visualization combines data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Resources Institute, and climate hydrology models to map water stress projections through 2050 under current water management practices.
The chart displays a world map color-coded by water stress levels, ranging from low stress (blue) through medium (yellow) to extremely high stress (dark red). It shows current conditions alongside projections for 2030 and 2050, clearly illustrating the expanding footprint of water scarcity in agricultural regions.
Perhaps the most striking aspect of this visualization is the dramatic expansion of red and dark red areas across key agricultural zones. Currently, approximately 33% of global agricultural land experiences high to extremely high water stress. By 2050, under business-as-usual water management and moderate climate change scenarios, this figure is projected to rise to nearly 60%, fundamentally challenging our ability to maintain current production levels in many regions.
The chart breaks down water stress by agricultural type, revealing that irrigated agriculture faces particularly acute challenges. While irrigated lands represent only about 20% of global agricultural area, they produce roughly 40% of global food output. The visualization shows that 70% of these critical irrigated areas already face high water stress, with this figure projected to exceed 90% by 2050 in many regions.
Regional patterns in the chart highlight especially concerning trends. The Indo-Gangetic Plain in India and Pakistan, the North China Plain, the Colorado River Basin in the United States, the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, and the São Francisco region in Brazil all show escalating water stress levels. These areas collectively represent a substantial portion of global food production, particularly for staples like wheat, rice, cotton, and fruits and vegetables.
The methodology behind this visualization combines measurements of water availability from precipitation and surface water sources with agricultural water demand based on crop types, irrigation practices, and evapotranspiration rates. It incorporates climate model projections for changes in precipitation patterns, snowpack accumulation and melt, and evaporation rates under different warming scenarios.
One particularly concerning aspect highlighted in the chart is the compound nature of water stress in many regions. Areas facing high water stress often simultaneously experience declining groundwater tables, reduced water quality, and increased competition from urban and industrial users. This multi-dimensional water crisis creates especially challenging conditions for maintaining agricultural productivity.
The chart also reveals the disconnect between water availability and agricultural development patterns. Many of the world’s most productive agricultural regions were developed during a relatively stable climate period with abundant water resources. The visualization shows how climate change is fundamentally altering these conditions, creating a mismatch between existing agricultural systems and emerging water realities.
The implications of expanding water stress extend far beyond direct agricultural impacts. The chart illustrates how water scarcity drives competition between agricultural, urban, and industrial users, creating complex resource allocation challenges. It also shows how water stress in agricultural regions often correlates with ecosystem degradation, biodiversity loss, and increased vulnerability to climate shocks.
Several specific examples from the chart illustrate these challenges vividly. The Colorado River Basin, which irrigates approximately 4.5 million acres of farmland in the American West, has seen its flow decline by nearly 20% over the past two decades due to climate change. The visualization projects further reductions of 10-30% by 2050, threatening water supplies for major agricultural areas in California, Arizona, and Mexico.
Similarly, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, home to over 200 million people and a critical wheat and rice production region, faces rapidly declining groundwater levels. The chart shows how the combined impacts of reduced glacial melt in the Himalayas, changing monsoon patterns, and intensive groundwater extraction are creating severe water stress conditions across this densely populated agricultural region.
The visualization also highlights emerging water stress in previously stable agricultural regions. Areas like the Canadian Prairies, the Russian wheat belt, and parts of Eastern Europe are projected to experience increasing water stress due to changing precipitation patterns and higher evaporation rates. These regions have often been considered potential beneficiaries of climate change through longer growing seasons, but the water stress projections complicate this optimistic narrative.
The economic implications of these water stress patterns are substantial. The chart includes economic modeling showing that water-related agricultural losses could reduce global GDP by 0.5-1.5% annually by 2050 under business-as-usual scenarios, with much larger impacts in water-stressed regions. These economic impacts would ripple through food supply chains, affecting food prices and accessibility globally.
Perhaps most troublingly, the chart shows how water stress disproportionately affects regions already facing food security challenges. Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and parts of Latin America show the most severe water stress projections, creating compound vulnerabilities for populations already struggling with inadequate nutrition and limited resources.
The visualization also reveals concerning feedback loops between water stress and climate change. As water becomes scarcer, farmers often turn to more energy-intensive water extraction methods like deeper wells or long-distance water transfers, increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Similarly, water-stressed agricultural systems often experience reduced soil carbon sequestration potential, weakening their climate mitigation capacity.
The chart includes an overlay showing the limited effectiveness of current water management policies in addressing these challenges. Despite decades of water reform efforts in many regions, the visualization shows that water stress continues to intensify, suggesting that incremental improvements are insufficient to address the scale of the challenge.
However, the chart does include a hopeful counterfactual scenario showing how transformative water management could alter these projections. Regions implementing comprehensive water governance reforms, investing in water-efficient technologies, and transitioning to less water-intensive cropping patterns show significantly reduced water stress trajectories compared to business-as-usual projections.
This visualization ultimately demonstrates that water represents perhaps the most immediate and binding constraint on agricultural adaptation to climate change. Unlike temperature impacts, which can be partially addressed through crop breeding and management changes, absolute water scarcity creates fundamental limits on agricultural production that are much more difficult to overcome.
Chart 3: Food Supply Chain Disruption Risks
The third critical chart reveals the escalating vulnerability of our global food supply chains to climate-related disruptions. This comprehensive visualization maps the interconnected networks that move food from producers to consumers and analyzes how climate change threatens each link in these chains. The data comes from supply chain analyses, climate risk assessments, and historical disruption records across major food trading nations.
The chart presents a multi-layered visualization showing global food trade flows, transportation infrastructure, and storage facilities, with color-coding indicating vulnerability to different climate risks. It includes a timeline showing projected disruption frequency increases from 2020 to 2050, alongside economic impact assessments for various disruption scenarios.
Perhaps the most striking aspect of this visualization is the concentration of risk in relatively few critical nodes. The chart reveals that approximately 80% of global staple food trade passes through just 14 major chokepoints—transportation corridors, ports, and infrastructure hubs that are highly vulnerable to climate disruptions. These include maritime chokepoints like the Panama Canal, Suez Canal, and Strait of Malacca, as well as critical inland transport networks like the American rail system and European inland waterways.
The chart shows how climate change threatens these chokepoints through multiple mechanisms. Sea-level rise threatens port infrastructure, extreme weather events disrupt transportation networks, changing precipitation patterns affect inland waterways, and heat waves create operational challenges for storage and processing facilities. The visualization combines these risks into a composite vulnerability index that shows rapidly increasing exposure across virtually all major supply chain nodes.
Regional patterns in the chart reveal a particularly concerning concentration of risks. Southeast Asia, which has become increasingly important for global food production and trade, shows particularly high supply chain vulnerability due to its exposure to typhoons, sea-level rise, and river flooding. Similarly, North American agricultural regions face increasing risks from wildfires, hurricanes, and extreme weather events that can disrupt transportation and processing infrastructure.
The methodology behind this visualization combines several analytical approaches. It incorporates geospatial mapping of food trade flows, climate model projections for various extreme events, infrastructure vulnerability assessments, and economic modeling of disruption impacts. Researchers have validated these models against historical supply chain disruptions, including those caused by climate events like Hurricane Harvey, which severely impacted US grain exports, and the 2018 European drought, which disrupted river transportation.
One particularly concerning aspect highlighted in the chart is the cascading nature of supply chain vulnerabilities. A disruption in one critical node can trigger secondary and tertiary impacts throughout the network, creating ripple effects that amplify the initial shock. The visualization includes network analysis showing how the failure of just a few critical chokepoints could disrupt food supplies for millions of people across multiple regions.
The chart also reveals the temporal dimensions of supply chain vulnerabilities. Climate change is not just increasing the frequency of disruptions but also their duration and severity. The timeline visualization shows that while major supply chain disruptions occurred approximately once every 5-7 years historically, they are projected to occur every 2-3 years by 2030 and potentially annually by 2050 under current emissions trajectories.
The economic implications of these supply chain vulnerabilities are substantial. The chart includes economic modeling showing that climate-related supply chain disruptions could reduce global food trade by 10-25% by 2050, with corresponding impacts on food prices and availability. These impacts would be particularly severe in import-dependent countries and regions with limited storage capacity.
Several specific examples from the chart illustrate these challenges vividly. The Panama Canal, through which approximately 5% of global maritime trade passes, faces increasing vulnerability from water level fluctuations due to changing precipitation patterns. The visualization shows how prolonged drought conditions could restrict canal traffic, disrupting food shipments between the Americas and Asia.
Similarly, the port of New Orleans and surrounding Louisiana coastal areas, critical for US agricultural exports, face existential threats from sea-level rise and intensified hurricane activity. The chart projects that without substantial adaptation investments, these facilities could face operational disruptions for weeks annually by 2050, significantly impacting global grain supplies.
The chart also highlights vulnerabilities in less obvious but equally critical supply chain components. For example, it shows how specialized food processing facilities, often concentrated in specific geographic regions, face increasing risks from extreme heat events that can disrupt operations and affect food safety. Similarly, cold chain infrastructure for perishable foods faces growing challenges from power outages during extreme weather events.
The visualization includes a concerning overlay showing how supply chain vulnerabilities compound other climate risks. Regions experiencing production challenges due to climate change often simultaneously face supply chain disruptions, creating compound challenges for food availability. This is particularly evident in island nations and coastal regions that face both production constraints and import challenges.
The chart also reveals equity dimensions of supply chain vulnerabilities. Wealthier nations and corporations are increasingly investing in supply chain resilience measures, creating potential disparities in how different populations experience climate-related food disruptions. The visualization shows how developing countries, particularly small island states and least developed countries, face disproportionate risks due to limited adaptation capacity.
Perhaps most troublingly, the chart shows how current adaptation measures are insufficient to address the scale of emerging challenges. While many companies and governments have implemented supply chain risk management strategies, these typically focus on historical risk patterns rather than the fundamental shifts projected under climate change. The visualization suggests that transformative approaches to supply chain design and management are needed.
However, the chart does include hopeful examples of innovative adaptation approaches. Regions implementing diversified supply networks, localized production systems, and enhanced storage capacity show significantly reduced vulnerability compared to those relying on traditional centralized supply chain models. These examples suggest pathways toward more resilient food distribution systems.
The visualization also highlights the importance of international cooperation in addressing supply chain vulnerabilities. Since food supply chains are inherently global, effective adaptation requires coordinated action across multiple jurisdictions. The chart includes case studies of successful regional cooperation on infrastructure resilience and trade policy that could serve as models for broader implementation.
This chart ultimately demonstrates that even if agricultural production could be maintained despite climate challenges, our food system would remain vulnerable due to supply chain fragilities. The complex, highly optimized networks that enable modern food distribution are showing increasing strain under climate pressure, requiring fundamental rethinking of how we move food from producers to consumers.
Chart 4: Nutritional Content Changes in Staple Foods
The subtle but systematic declines in nutritional content represent what some researchers call “hidden hunger” – a situation where people may consume sufficient calories but still suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. This phenomenon creates a paradox where food security statistics based on caloric availability might mask growing nutritional insecurity.
The chart also reveals concerning variations between crop varieties in their nutritional responses to elevated CO2. Some traditional landraces and older crop varieties show greater nutritional stability under changing climate conditions compared to modern high-yielding varieties. This suggests that decades of breeding focused primarily on yield may have inadvertently reduced nutritional resilience in our staple crops.
Regional agricultural systems show different vulnerabilities based on their reliance on affected crops. The visualization includes an analysis showing that South Asian countries, which derive approximately 60% of protein from wheat and rice, face particularly severe nutritional risks. Similarly, Sub-Saharan African nations relying heavily on maize and cassava show concerning projections for zinc and iron availability.
The chart also projects how these nutritional changes might affect dietary guidelines and nutritional recommendations. As the nutritional content of staple foods declines, achieving recommended nutrient intake would require either increased consumption of these staples (with potential health consequences) or greater dietary diversity – both challenging options for low-income populations.
Perhaps most troublingly, the visualization shows how nutritional declines interact with other climate-related food system challenges. As climate change reduces agricultural productivity in some regions, it may force dietary shifts toward less nutritious but more climate-resilient crops, potentially exacerbating nutritional deficiencies. Similarly, food price increases caused by climate disruptions may limit access to nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, and animal products.
The economic implications extend beyond healthcare costs to affect educational outcomes and economic productivity. The chart includes modeling showing that reduced iron and zinc intake in childhood can decrease educational achievement and lifetime earnings by 5-15%, creating long-term economic impacts that compound across generations.
Several specific examples illustrate these challenges vividly. In India, where wheat provides approximately 20% of protein intake for the population, projected protein declines could affect hundreds of millions of people. Similarly, in Peru, where potatoes are a primary source of vitamin C and several B vitamins, projected nutritional declines could increase deficiency rates in Andean communities.
The chart also reveals concerning feedback loops between nutritional changes and climate vulnerability. Populations suffering from micronutrient deficiencies often have reduced physical capacity for agricultural labor and diminished resilience to climate-related health challenges, creating vicious cycles of vulnerability.
However, the visualization does highlight promising adaptation strategies. Agricultural research programs are developing “climate-smart biofortified” varieties that maintain nutritional quality under changing conditions. The chart shows how breeding programs incorporating nutritional traits alongside climate resilience could partially offset projected declines.
The chart also demonstrates how agricultural practices can influence nutritional outcomes. Studies show that certain fertilization strategies, particularly those optimizing micronutrient availability in soils, can enhance the nutritional content of crops. Similarly, agroecological approaches that maintain soil health appear to support better nutritional quality in harvested foods.
Perhaps most importantly, the visualization highlights the need for nutritional monitoring in climate adaptation planning. Most agricultural adaptation strategies focus exclusively on maintaining yields, with limited attention to nutritional quality. The data suggest that nutritional outcomes should be explicitly incorporated into crop breeding programs, agricultural extension services, and food security policies.
This chart ultimately demonstrates that climate change threatens not just the quantity of food available but also its quality. The subtle but systematic declines in nutritional content represent a hidden crisis that could undermine global nutrition progress, particularly in regions already struggling with micronutrient deficiencies.
Chart 5: Global Food Waste and Loss Under Climate Stress
The fifth critical chart reveals how climate change is exacerbating food waste and loss throughout the food system, creating a double burden of reduced production and increased post-harvest losses. This comprehensive visualization maps food waste and loss across the entire supply chain, from farm to fork, and projects how climate stress will impact these patterns through 2050.
The chart displays a Sankey diagram showing the flow of food through the global system, with width representing quantity and color indicating loss rates at different stages. It compares current loss patterns with projections under moderate and severe climate scenarios, revealing how climate stress amplifies waste throughout the system.
Perhaps the most striking aspect of this visualization is the scale of current losses even before accounting for climate impacts. The chart shows that approximately one-third of food produced globally is lost or wasted annually, representing roughly 1.3 billion tons of food worth nearly $1 trillion. These losses occur across the entire supply chain, with different patterns in developed versus developing regions.
The methodology behind this visualization combines data from FAO food loss assessments, supply chain analyses, and climate impact studies. It incorporates projections for how increased temperatures, extreme weather events, and changing precipitation patterns will affect storage conditions, transportation efficiency, and shelf life of food products.
One particularly concerning aspect highlighted in the chart is how climate change disproportionately affects post-harvest losses in developing regions. Currently, Sub-Saharan Africa experiences post-harvest losses of 20-40% for staple crops, primarily due to inadequate storage and processing infrastructure. The visualization projects these losses could increase by 50-100% under moderate climate change due to increased pest pressure, faster spoilage, and infrastructure damage from extreme events.
The chart also reveals concerning trends in developed regions, where consumer-facing food waste dominates current loss patterns. The visualization shows how climate-related disruptions to supply chains could increase retail and consumer waste through reduced shelf life, purchasing panic during disruptions, and quality standards that may become harder to maintain under climate stress.
Regional patterns in the chart illustrate different vulnerability profiles. Tropical regions show particularly high sensitivity to increased losses due to higher baseline temperatures and limited cold chain infrastructure. Similarly, regions experiencing increasing climate volatility show greater projected losses due to infrastructure damage and operational disruptions during extreme events.
The chart includes a particularly troubling overlay showing how loss projections vary by food type. Perishable foods like fruits, vegetables, and animal products show the greatest vulnerability to climate-related losses, with potential increases of 30-80% under moderate warming scenarios. These foods are also nutritionally important, suggesting that climate-induced waste could exacerbate nutritional challenges.
The economic implications of these increased losses are substantial. The chart includes modeling showing that climate-related increases in food waste could cost the global economy an additional $200-400 billion annually by 2050, beyond current loss levels. These economic impacts would be particularly severe for smallholder farmers who lack the resources to invest in loss prevention technologies.
Several specific examples from the chart illustrate these challenges vividly. In South Asia, where monsoon patterns are becoming more erratic, the visualization projects increased losses of rice and wheat due to flooding during harvest periods and inadequate drying conditions. Similarly, in North America, more frequent heat waves are projected to increase refrigeration energy costs and failure rates, potentially increasing losses of fresh produce.
The chart also reveals concerning interactions between loss patterns and other climate impacts. As climate change reduces yields in some regions, the proportional impact of post-harvest losses becomes more significant. For example, if climate change reduces wheat production by 10% but post-harvest losses increase from 15% to 25%, the net available supply could decline by nearly 20%, creating compound challenges.
The visualization includes a timeline showing how loss patterns are projected to evolve through 2050. Interestingly, while immediate climate impacts may focus on production losses, the chart shows that post-harvest losses become increasingly important over time as infrastructure ages and climate volatility intensifies. This suggests that adaptation strategies must address the entire food system, not just production.
The chart also highlights equity dimensions of food waste under climate change. Wealthier nations and corporations have a greater capacity to invest in loss prevention technologies like cold chains, improved storage, and better processing facilities. The visualization shows how this creates potential disparities in how different populations experience climate-related food losses.
Perhaps most troublingly, the chart shows how current approaches to reducing food waste may be insufficient under climate change. Many waste reduction strategies focus on behavioral change and efficiency improvements within stable climate conditions. The visualization suggests that climate change requires more fundamental approaches to food system design and infrastructure.
However, the chart does highlight promising adaptation strategies. Regions investing in climate-resilient storage facilities, decentralized processing capacity, and improved market connectivity show significantly reduced loss projections compared to business-as-usual scenarios. These examples suggest pathways toward more efficient food systems under climate stress.
The visualization also demonstrates how technological innovations could help address these challenges. Advances in solar-powered cold storage, improved packaging materials, and digital supply chain management could significantly reduce climate-related losses. The chart includes projections showing how widespread adoption of these technologies could cut projected loss increases by half.
The chart also reveals the importance of traditional and indigenous knowledge in reducing losses. Many traditional food preservation and storage techniques show remarkable resilience under changing climate conditions. The visualization includes examples of how integrating traditional knowledge with modern science could create effective adaptation strategies.
This chart ultimately demonstrates that climate change threatens food security not just through reduced production but also through increased losses throughout the system. The double burden of lower yields and higher waste creates especially challenging conditions for maintaining adequate food supplies under climate change.
